There are several principles related to ethics, medical ethics, scientific and technological ethics, justice and human dignity and associated ethics, as well as other ethical issues in the field of biotechnology. Human experiments were carried out before the 18th century. However, it was not until after 1940 that the ethical attitudes of researchers aroused the interest of society due to human exploitation in several cases. Since then, professional codes and laws have been introduced to prevent scientific abuse of human lives. [4] The Nazi experiments led to the Nuremberg Code (1947), which was the guiding code for all subsequent codes for the protection of human rights in research. This code emphasizes voluntary informed consent, freedom to withdraw from research, protection from physical and mental harm or suffering, and death. It also focuses on the benefit-risk ratio. [5] The only weakness of this code was the self-regulation of researchers, which can be abused in some research studies. [4] All explanations followed, non-therapeutic research prohibited.
It was not until 1964, with the Declaration of Helsinki, that the need for non-therapeutic research began. [6] The declaration emphasizes the protection of subjects in this type of research and insists that the well-being of the individual is more important than scientific and social interests. [4] The article defines many ethical issues in biotechnology. In this article, all the problems of biotechnology, bioethics in biotechnology, are explicitly mentioned. Jameton explains that in research, the three most important elements are the competence of the researcher, careful design and valid expected results. [13] The Royal College of Nurses states that nursing researchers should have the skills and knowledge to conduct specific research and be aware of the limitations of personal research competence. Any lack of knowledge in the field of research must be clearly indicated. Inexperienced researchers should work under qualified supervision, which must be reviewed by an ethics committee.
[26] What are the problems with biotechnology? Biotechnology works for human development. However, their application has raised various types of biotechnological issues for society, namely: the use of biotechnology has raised a number of ethical, legal and social issues. Here are some of them: 1. What are the ethical, social and legal issues associated with biotechnology? Informed consent is the process of obtaining permission from subjects who may participate in research. Before a participant enters an experiment, there are a number of formalities that must be completed. This allows patients to be familiar with the parameters of the study before agreeing to participate. The Institutional Review Committee reviews each study. A participant has the right to call at any time to express concerns about the study. Investigators must disclose all rights available to the participant, some of which include that the participant may withdraw at any time, they have the right to know the result and any new information obtained during the course of the study and the potential risks of participation. For more information, click here or watch this short video.An ethical secondary problem in bioterrorism research, Krause says, is clinical trials. Human subjects, for example, could not be used in smallpox studies, so replacement markers are needed. This can make it difficult to determine the effectiveness of an anti-terrorism officer. To protect patients from additional stress, health care providers must be aware of relevant ethical, legal, and social issues related to genetics in health care. Genetic specialists may be able to answer patients` specific concerns and questions about these issues. Whereas the first decade of the 21st century was the beginning of the 21st century. Biotechnology Healthcare has identified five issues that dominate the ethical discussion of biotechnology medicine.1 These issues will continue to be controversial for the foreseeable future, forcing third-party payers, union employers and buyers, and healthcare providers to spend years grappling with the political implications of some or all. moral dilemmas.
In these cases, it can be argued that moral duty and personal ethics may be stronger than legal requirements. [3] Although there are no conflicts of duties, the researcher faces several problems related to maintaining confidentiality, particularly in qualitative research where the behaviour is personal, the sample is smaller, and the reports include quotes from interviews. Ford and Reutter suggest using pseudonyms when transcribing the tapes used and distorting the identifying details of the interviews. [12] Special laws protect many plants and animals. These laws protect these animals and plants from disturbance. Many sacred plants and animals are manipulated from their natural habitat for other experimental purposes. Sometimes the choice becomes very difficult because of the limitation of the organism that responds to biotechnology. In such a case, these organisms are used, but this can lead to a serious legal problem if the victim makes a mistake for the transfer. Different governments have different restrictions and rules regarding these species and their use.
Therefore, a scientist should be aware that it must be legal to work according to the laws of the land before using certain species for biotechnology. The scientific community and society promise significant advances in biotechnology, but never safety in terms of socio-economic life. Such arguments and interactions are among the most problematic to consider. Socioeconomic problems interfere with the natural path or initial process of learning about God`s environment. Research questions could be related to cultural background and also to the level of outreach to different audiences. The development of technology destroys the environment, which is a tricky thing. In order to nip the problem in the bud, we are now trying to establish rules. A task force of the American College of Physicians published such an effort in the Annals of Internal Medicine in July; An article entitled “Ethics in Practice: Managed Care and the Changing Health Environment” provided a statement of ethical principles for health plans, purchasers and physicians.
One section stated: “All parties have an ethical obligation to protect the confidentiality of patient information in healthcare. In general, identifying patient information should not be disclosed without the patient`s consent, unless the health and safety of individuals or the public is threatened or required by law. “Another important ethical issue is obtaining informed consent from groups with limited autonomy, which will be discussed in more detail later. From what has been discussed, it is clear that disclosure, understanding, competence and voluntariness are the four essential elements of consent. [5] Today, there is growing concern about vulnerable groups and whether or not it is ethical to use them as objects of research. Fisher classifies vulnerability as a characteristic of people who are unable to protect their own rights and well-being. [23] Vulnerable groups therefore include captive populations (prisoners, institutions, students, etc.), the mentally ill, the elderly, children, the seriously ill or dying, the poor, people with learning disabilities, sedated or unconscious. There are several questions regarding the validity of the test that must be considered before ordering a genetic test. The analytical and clinical validity of a test is usually measured by the specificity, sensitivity, and predictive value of the test. This information should be shared with the patient when determining whether or not the tests are suitable for them. Because most genetic testing is offered as a service, it is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration.
However, genetic testing (or other clinical laboratory testing) should only be ordered from laboratories certified by the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) or another state certification body. As McNeil et al. put it, “Care is the foundation and prerequisite of any cure.” [34] Swanson proposes a structure of care that involves maintaining faith in people, knowing the other person, being with them, doing for them, and empowering them. [29] The last two are the most important parts related to research. To do so means anticipating individual needs, encouraging them, performing tasks with the appropriate skills and competencies, protecting the patient from harm and preserving dignity. On the other hand, empowerment means improving self-care through training, informing and explaining the patient, as well as helping to find alternatives.
